A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a 3D representation of the Earth's surface that shows elevation data for every point in an area. In mapping, DEMs are used to visualize and analyze terrain features such as slopes, valleys, and watersheds, helping with applications like flood modeling, construction planning, and environmental management. They provide accurate, detailed elevation information that enhances spatial analysis and supports better decision-making in geospatial projects.

A Digital Surface Model (DSM) represents the Earth’s surface, including all natural and man-made features such as trees, buildings, and other structures. In mapping, DSMs are used to analyze surface characteristics, model urban environments, assess line-of-sight and visibility, and support 3D visualization. They are especially valuable in applications like city planning, forestry, and drone mapping, where understanding the true surface elevation—including objects above ground—is essential.

A 2D orthomosaic is a high-resolution, georeferenced aerial image created by stitching together multiple overlapping photos taken from a drone or aircraft. Each image is corrected for perspective, camera tilt, and terrain distortion (orthorectified), so the final map has a uniform scale and accurate geographic alignment. Essentially, a 2D orthomosaic is a true-to-scale overhead map that can be used to measure distances, areas, and features just like a traditional map.

Drone 3D modeling is used to create accurate, detailed representations of terrain, structures, and environments for various applications. It helps in natural disaster damage assessments, construction monitoring, urban planning, environmental assessment, and infrastructure management. By providing realistic, measurable 3D data, it allows professionals to analyze, plan, and visualize projects more efficiently and cost-effectively.